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\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a<br \/>\n\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Annexes \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\">\n<li>Map of the Syrian Arab Republic<\/li>\n<li>Inquiry into allegations of chemical weapons used in Khan Shaykhun, Idlib, on 4 April 2017<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 III.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Life under siege and truces<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\n<strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b-\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><a name=\"_Toc489871100\"><\/a><br \/>\n\u0661-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 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href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[1]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>.<br \/>\n\u0662-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0635\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642.<br \/>\n\u0663-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u00a02011 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 71\/248.<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0669\u0661-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646.<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0669\u0662-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629.<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0669\u0663-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646:<\/strong><br \/>\n(\u0623)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>\u064a\u0624\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u061b<\/strong><br \/>\n(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>\u064a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u061b<\/strong><br \/>\n(\u062c)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a name=\"_Toc489871115\"><\/a>Annex I<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a name=\"_Toc489871116\"><\/a>Map of the Syrian Arab Republic<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-174844\" src=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/sar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"642\" height=\"508\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a name=\"_Toc489871117\"><\/a>Annex II<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a name=\"_Toc489871118\"><\/a>Inquiry into allegations of chemical weapons used in Khan Shaykhun, Idlib, on 4 April 2017<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\">\n<li><a name=\"_Toc489871119\"><\/a>Initial reports and allegations<\/li>\n<li>On the morning of 4 April, public reports emerged that shortly after sunrise a series of airstrikes were launched on Khan Shaykhun, a town in southern Idlib which borders northern Hama. Khan Shaykhun is controlled by armed groups including Ahrar al-Sham and Hay\u2019at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), an umbrella coalition of extremist factions led by terrorist group Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (previously Jabhat al-Nusra). Throughout the day, news outlets and social media reported that dozens of civilians had died and hundreds of residents were suffering from symptoms consistent with exposure to sarin. The allegations would amount to the first sarin attack in the Syrian Arab Republic since 21 August 2013 when approximately 1,000 people were killed in Ghouta due to sarin exposure. Some hours later, between 11.30 and 1.30 p.m., the al-Rahma medical point and civil defence centre in Khan Shaykhun, which neighbour each other, were reportedly hit by airstrikes while treating patients of the alleged sarin attack. The al-Rahma medical point served as the main trauma facility in Khan Shaykhun.<\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc489871120\"><\/a>Statements by Russian and Syrian authorities<\/li>\n<li>During the course of the day on 4 April, Russian and Syrian authorities made public statements concerning the events in Khan Shaykhun. Both denied the involvement of Syrian forces in the alleged sarin attack suggesting instead that terrorist groups were responsible. The Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation released a statement saying that the Syrian air force had struck a terrorist depot in Khan Shaykhun between 11.30 a.m. and 12.30 p.m., and that the depot included workshops where chemical warfare munitions were produced.<sup>1<\/sup>\u00a0The Syrian Army issued a statement denying it had used chemical agents in Khan Shaykhun and that responsibility for the attack lied with militants.<sup>2<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Syrian and Russian officials continued to make statements after 4 April. At a press conference on 6 April, the Syrian Minister of Foreign Affairs repeated the Russian Federation Ministry of Defence claim by saying that the Syrian \u201carmy attacked an arms depot belonging to Jabhat al-Nusra chemical weapons\u201d. He denied that Government forces had used chemical weapons instead explaining that the first airstrike carried out by Syrian forces in Khan Shaykhun on 4 April was at 11.30 a.m.<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0Subsequently, during an interview on 13 April, President Bashar al-Assad denied that the Syrian army had used sarin and said that the allegations were fabricated, noting \u201cthe West, mainly the United States, is hand-in-glove with the terrorists. They fabricated the whole story in order to have a pretext for the attack [on the Shayrat airbase]\u201d. He added that \u201c[i]f they said that we launched the sarin attack from that airbase, what happened to the sarin when they attacked the depots?\u201d<sup>4<\/sup>, suggesting the Syrian army\u2019s deployment concept for sarin relied on the storage of the agent<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">__________<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [1]<strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Facebook post titled \u201cRussian Defence Ministry comments on the destruction of a depot with terrorists\u2019 chemical weapons near Khan Sheikhun carried out by the Syrian aviation\u201d, posted by the Russian Federation Ministry of Defence on 4 April 2017,\u00a0<em>available at\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/scmeXAl5\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/permalink.php?story_fbid=1903432043232876&amp;id=1492252324350852<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>Syrian Army rejects claims of chemical weapons use in Idlib, blames militants<\/em>, Sputnik News, 4 April 2014,\u00a0<em>available at<\/em>https:\/\/sputniknews.com\/middleeast\/201704041052292018-syrian-army-idlib-militants-chemical-weapons.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>Live: Syrian FM Walid al-Moallem, holds press conference in Damascus<\/em>, YouTube, video clip uploaded on 6 April 2017,<em>available at<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/scmyw1u2\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AcaF1vC8SPA<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4\u00a0\u00a0 Statement in response to the United States airstrike of 7 April against the Shayrat airbase in Homs.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">itself.<sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0Finally, President al-Assad took the position that Khan Shaykhun is not a strategic area and that the Government does not have army or battles there.<sup>6<\/sup>\u00a0On 2 May, the Russian Federation Ministry of Defence said that Soviet ammunition KHAB-250 was never exported outside of the USSR and was never filled with sarin.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a name=\"_Toc489871121\"><\/a>III.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Methodology<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" start=\"4\">\n<li>To establish the facts surrounding these allegations, the Commission sent a note verbale on 7 April to the Permanent Representative of Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations requesting information from the Government. At the time of writing, no response has been received. The Commission conducted 43 interviews with eyewitnesses, victims, first-responders, medical workers, and persons who visited the site after the attack. It also collected satellite imagery,<sup>8<\/sup>\u00a0photographs of bomb remnants, early warning reports, videos of the area allegedly impacted by the airstrikes, and reviewed photographs and videos of victims depicting symptoms. The Commission took into account the findings of OPCW report on the results of its Fact-Finding Mission (OPCW FFM).<sup>9<\/sup>\u00a0Taken as a whole, this body of information allowed the Commission to reach the narrative of events and findings below.<\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc489871122\"><\/a>Khan Shaykhun\u2019s location<\/li>\n<li>Khan Shaykhun, a town controlled by armed groups and HTS, is located along the M5 highway. The M5, often described as the most important highway in Syria, connects the country\u2019s major cities including Damascus, Homs, Hama, and Aleppo, all of which are currently controlled by Government forces. Owing to its location, warring parties have fought for control over Khan Shaykhun since the early days of the conflict.<\/li>\n<li>In March, the area was viewed as having increased strategic value as armed groups and HTS successfully attacked Government positions in Hama. Government forces reacted by carrying out a counter-offensive in southern Idlib, including in Khan Shaykhun, and the neighbouring towns of Kafr Zeita, Murek, and Al-Latamneh in northern Hama. If successful, this offensive would give Government forces control over the only pocket in northern Hama controlled by armed groups and HTS. Interviewees confirmed that in the days leading up to 4 April, numerous airstrikes impacted towns around the area of Khan Shaykhun. The Commission has also investigated and made findings on several incidents using airdropped munition which took place in the area in March and April, including through the use of chemical weapons in Al-Latamneh,<sup>10<\/sup>\u00a0and attacks on hospitals in southern<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">__________<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5\u00a0\u00a0 Information published by the OPCW about the materials declared by the Syrian Arab Republic as part of its chemical weapons stockpile contradicts this statement.\u00a0<em>See<\/em>\u00a0OPCW documents EC-M-34\/DG.1 of 25 October 2013, EC-M-34\/DEC.1, para. 2(a)(ii) of 15 November 2013, EC-M-36\/DG.4 of 17 December 2013.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6<strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><em>AFP Interview President Assad on chemical attack<\/em>, YouTube,13 April, 2017,\u00a0<em>available at\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/scmddEkb\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3WyVIhDgM9c<\/a>. Transcript of the interview\u00a0<em>available at\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/scmMhmiu\">https:\/\/www.thepeninsulaqatar.com\/article\/13\/04\/2017\/Transcript-of-exclusive-AFP-interview-with-Syria-s-Assad-1<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 7\u00a0\u00a0 Ministry of Defence: Ammunition HUB 250 has never been exported and were not filled with sarin, Russian Reality, 2 May 2017,\u00a0<em>available at<\/em>\u00a0https:\/\/rusreality.com\/2017\/05\/02\/ministry-of-defence-ammunition-hub-250-has-never-exported-and-were-not-filled-with-sarin.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 8<strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>UNOSAT satellite imagery analysis uploaded on the webpage of the Commission at www.ohchr.org\/EN\/HRBodies\/HRC\/IICISyria\/Pages\/IndependentInternationalCommission.aspx.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>OPCW Note by the Technical Secretariat, Report of the OPCW Fact-Finding Mission in Syria Regarding an Alleged Incident in Khan Shaykhun, Syrian Arab Republic<\/em>, April 2017 (hereinafter: \u201cOPCW FFM report\u201d), S\/1510\/2017, 29 April 2017,\u00a0<em>available at<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/scmcFfpN\">https:\/\/www.opcw.org\/fileadmin\/OPCW\/Fact_Finding_Mission\/s-1510-2017_e_.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>10<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 A\/HRC\/36\/55, paras. 69-70.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Idlib and northern Hama.<sup>11<\/sup>\u00a0The latter severely impacted the level of medical care which victims of chemical attacks received.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\">\n<li><a name=\"_Toc489871123\"><\/a>The events of 4 April<\/li>\n<li>On the morning of 4 April, the sky was clear. At 6.26 a.m., early warning observers<sup>12<\/sup>\u00a0reported that two Sukhoi 22 (Su-22) aircraft had taken off from Shayrat airbase, at least one of which was heading in the direction of Khan Shaykhun. Shayrat is a military airbase in Homs located approximately 120 kilometres south of Khan Shaykhun, and has been used by the Syrian air force throughout the conflict to launch attacks on Homs and Hama. Since late 2015, it is also used as a base by Russian forces. The Commission notes that two individuals interviewed by the OPCW claimed that on the morning of 4 April the early warning system did not issue warnings until 11 to 11.30 a.m., and that no aircraft were observed until that time.<sup>13<\/sup>\u00a0The Commission has not gathered any information to support this claim, but rather the opposite, as detailed below. Eyewitnesses explained seeing a plane over Khan Shaykhun at around 6.45 a.m., and numerous interviewees recalled hearing messages from the early warning system 20 minutes prior to the strikes. As further examined below (paras. 17-18), 11.30 a.m. was the time when the al-Rahma medical point in Khan Shaykhun was attacked by airstrikes including cluster incendiary munitions, though not chemical weapons.<\/li>\n<li>At around 6.45 a.m., interviewees recalled seeing an aircraft flying low over Khan Shaykhun, which is consistent with the airspeed of the aircraft and the distance that needed to be covered. In the span of a few minutes, the aircraft, identified by interviewees as a Su-22, made two passes over the town and dropped four bombs. The Su-22 is easy to recognise, and difficult to mistake for anything else. Recognition features include a single vertical stabilizer, swing-wings, and flat intake mounted in the nose.<sup>14<\/sup>\u00a0Satellite imagery, photographs, and video footage corroborate witness accounts that air delivered munitions hit the impact points of the four bombs. As previously found by the Commission, only the Syrian air force uses Su-22s,<sup>15<\/sup>\u00a0an aircraft which has no night-time capability. The Russian Federation and the international coalition do not operate this type of aircraft. It is therefore concluded that the Syrian air force carried out airstrikes on Khan Shaykhun at around 6.45 a.m. on 4 April.<\/li>\n<li>Three of the bombs created loud explosions, causing damage to buildings though apparently only one casualty. Based on crater analysis and satellite imagery, the Commission was able to identify three conventional bombs, likely OFAB-100-120, and the remaining a chemical bomb. The chemical bomb landed in the middle of a street in a northern neighbourhood of Khan Shaykhun, approximately 150 meters from al-Yousuf park, close to a bakery and a grain silo, which interviewees explained was not operational and unused for any purpose after having been hit by an airstrike in 2016. Eyewitnesses further recalled how this bomb made less noise and produced less smoke than the other three bombs, which is confirmed by video footage of the attack. Photographs of the impact site show a hole, too small to be considered a crater, and the remnants of what appears to have been a Soviet-era chemical bomb. The small hole is indicative of a weapon which used a contact fuze and small burster to deploy chemical agents, with the kinetic energy of the bomb\u2019s body creating most of the hole. Two parts of the bomb were found at the site, a large piece of the weapon body marked in green for chemical payload and a filler cap for chemical weapons. Although the Commission is unable to determine the exact type of chemical bomb used, the parts are consistent with sarin bombs produced by the former Soviet Union in the 250kg-class of bombs, which would have approximately 40kg of sarin, depending on the munition used.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">__________<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1<sup>1<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 A\/HRC\/36\/55, paras. 63-65.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 Early warning observers comprise civilians who monitor aircraft flights to provide other civilians with advance warning prior to an airstrike.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>13<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 OPCW FFM report, paras. 5.27-5.29.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>14<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 A\/HRC\/34\/CRP.3, para. 26.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>15<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 A\/HRC\/34\/CRP.3, para. 27.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" start=\"10\">\n<li>The weather conditions at 6.45 a.m. of 4 April were ideal for delivering a chemical weapon. Data based on historical weather forecasts indicates that the wind speed was just over three kilometres per hour from the southeast, that there was no rain and practically no cloud cover, and that the temperature was around 13 degree Celsius.<sup>16<\/sup>\u00a0The OPCW FFM, in the absence of actual weather data recorded for Khan Shaykhun and instead relying on actual weather data recorded at three other locations in the area, concluded that the wind speed was low with uncertain direction, most likely coming from somewhere between the south and east. All available data indicates stable atmospheric conditions without significant turbulence. Under such conditions, the agent cloud would have drifted slowly downhill following the terrain features at the location (roads and open spaces), in a southerly and westerly direction. This is consistent with the observed locational pattern of individuals becoming affected by the agent cloud.<\/li>\n<li>The chemical bomb released a cloud which spread over a distance between 300 and 600 metres from the impact point and killed at least 83 persons, including 28 children and 23 women. One interviewee said that most of those severely affected, including many who died, were within 200 meters to the south and west from the impact point of the bomb, while most of the ones less seriously injured were further away. Many of the deceased victims were buried in Khan Shaykhun.<\/li>\n<li>Some of the victims died in bed and their bodies were not found until later on 4 April. A single mother who was out farming returned home to find all her four children dead. The body of one orphaned girl was found the following day. Also on 5 April, one interviewee found the body of a woman and her six children in a basement, where they had apparently tried to take shelter from the gas released by the chemical bomb. Another interviewee described how, on the way to his family\u2019s home, he witnessed people dying in the street and children desperately crying for the help of their parents. When he arrived at the house, he found his niece dead and his two sisters struggling to breathe. He lost consciousness shortly afterwards and woke up in hospital where he learned his sisters had died. In total, 293 persons, including 103 children, were injured. Medical practitioners expressed particular concern over parturient women and the effects that the toxic agent posed to their unborn babies. A lack of access to adequate medical equipment however prevented doctors from establishing whether foetuses were affected.<\/li>\n<li>Upon learning of the airstrikes, civil defence teams from Khan Shaykhun and from neighbouring Heish went on location to assist in rescue efforts. They were unaware at the time of the possibility of the release of a chemical agent so they did not carry respirators or other protective equipment. Several fell ill upon arrival to the scene, and at least two died. When they realised a chemical agent may have been present, rescuers warned incoming teams of first-responders who carried respirators with them. Some of those using respirators reported that, despite this protection, they too felt affected by the gas. First-responders removed the clothes from victims, washed them with water, and provided them with oxygen masks. Several medical workers said that first-responders may have inadvertently exposed victims to additional quantities of sarin by removing the clothes on their upper bodies over their neck instead of cutting them off. By removing their clothes this way, victims would have inhaled sarin as the clothes passed by their mouths and noses.<\/li>\n<li>After washing the victims, first-responders used ambulances, cars, and motorbikes to transport victims to several medical facilities in the area, with the al-Rahma medical point in Khan Shaykhun receiving approximately 80 victims. Others were taken to the al-Salam and al-Watany hospitals in Maarat al-Numaan, the Oday hospital in Saraqeb, and hospitals and clinics in Areeha, Ma\u2019arat Misrin, Jarjnaz, Maar Shurin, Abdeen, Tal Minnes, Kafr Nabl, Banesh, Idlib city, Adnan Kewan, Haas, and Bab al-Hawa. Overall, these facilities were ill-equipped to deal with victims of chemical attacks other than chlorine \u2014 an issue compounded by the large number of victims and the severity of the symptoms from which they suffered.<\/li>\n<li>Moreover, just one and a half days before the attack, on the evening of 2 April, Syrian and\/or Russian forces carried out airstrikes which directly hit the Maarat al-Numan<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">__________<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1<sup>6<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>See<\/em>,\u00a0<em>e.g.<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Khan Sheikhoun, Idlib Historical Weather, Syria<\/em>,\u00a0<em>available at\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/scmdQqsb\">https:\/\/www.worldweatheronline.com\/khan-sheikhoun-weather-history\/idlib\/sy.aspx<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">National Hospital, using at least three delayed fuse aerial bombs. The attacks against the hospital destroyed its upper floors where the inpatients room and intensive care unit were located. Most of the hospital\u2019s equipment, including incubators, were also destroyed. The Maarat al-Numan hospital, located 24 kilometres north of Khan Shaykhun, is described by medical staff as the main hospital in the area and the one which could have more adequately dealt with cases of patients exposed to chemical agents. Before the strikes, it employed 300 staff including 20 doctors and over 100 nurses, some of which had received training to treat victims of chemical agents and who subsequently trained their colleagues. The hospital also contained large stocks of atropine, hydrocortisone, diazepam, and oxygen concentrators. As a result of the airstrike, the hospital could only treat some 15 victims of the 4 April chemical attack. One victim who was seriously injured by the gas released by the chemical bomb noted that first-responders took him to Maarat al-Numan National Hospital because they were unaware the hospital had been struck two days earlier. The hospital was unable to treat him, and he was subsequently transferred to another hospital.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" start=\"16\">\n<li>Depending on what the healthcare facilities had available on 4 April, victims of the sarin attack were given atropine to help reactivate their heartrates, and pralidoxime to reverse chemical poisoning, though several medical staff reported that most hospitals did not have the latter or only had it in small quantities. Doctors noted that most of the existing pralidoxime had expired because, after the 2013 attack in Ghouta and the subsequent removal and destruction of Syria\u2019s chemical weapons by the Joint Mission of the United Nations and the OPCW in 2013 and 2014, it was announced that chemical weapons such as sarin no longer existed in Syria. For these reasons, hospitals ceased planning for these types of attack. In the absence of alternatives, doctors administered the expired pralidoxime to patients. Owing to the high number of casualties, several hospitals ran out of atropine and requested other medical facilities to provide them with additional medication. To help them breathe, many of the victims were intubated and, where available, placed in respirators. At least 31 persons were taken from medical facilities in the Syrian Arab Republic to hospitals in a neighbouring country, where at least three subsequently succumbed to their injuries and passed away. Several medical workers noted that the combination of lack of appropriate and sufficient medication, overall shortage of staff, extremely reduced capability of Maarat al-Numan National Hospital, and consequent need to take patients to more distant health-care facilities all contributed to the overall high number of fatalities.<\/li>\n<li>Al-Rahma medical point and the neighbouring civil defence centre operate from caves in the mountains, located approximately two kilometres from the centre of Khan Shaykhun. Rescuers took many of the victims directly from the area affected to al-Rahma where at least 25 persons died. Several interviewees explained that al-Rahma was not prepared to treat victims of chemical attacks but that patients were only taken there because it was the closest medical facility. Throughout the morning of 4 April, after the 6.45 a.m. airstrikes, interviewees saw drones over the skies in Khan Shaykhun and between 11.30 a.m. and 1.30 p.m., a series of airstrikes directly impacted the medical point and the civil defence centre, which were treating patients of the chemical attack. Airstrikes in Khan Shaykhun were reported until 4.00 p.m. Eyewitnesses further noted that the airstrikes which struck al-Rahma were conducted by jetfighters. As a result of the attack, the al-Rahma medical point was forced to transfer all intensive care patients to other hospitals without ventilators. Due to the lack of sufficient ambulances, many patients were transferred in civilian vehicles.<\/li>\n<li>Interviewees further detailed that the medical point was struck at least three times over the span of a few minutes. One of the strikes destroyed the only external building of the medical point and several ambulances. Another strike hit the hospital\u2019s upper floor and its warehouse destroying some equipment. Though there were no fatalities from the attack, some medical staff and patients sustained minor injuries. Photographs provided to the Commission show the main building and surrounding area were struck by aerial bombs. The building sustained a direct hit from at least one blast weapon and several shallow craters pockmark the site. Additionally, burned out remnants of what appear to be ZAB 2.5SM cluster incendiary munitions were found in scorched grasses dotting the area. In view of the fact that the Commission has previously documented Syrian and\/or Russian air forces having used cluster incendiary munitions,<sup>17<\/sup>that international coalition forces do not use these type of munitions, and that Russian and Syrian officials acknowledged that at the<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">__________<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1<sup>7<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 A\/HRC\/34\/64, paras. 14, 59-60; A\/HRC\/34\/CRP.3, paras. 59-60.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">time of the strike, between 11.30 a.m. and 13.30 p.m., the Syrian air force conducted airstrikes in Khan Shaykhun, the Commission finds that there are reasonable grounds to believe that either Syrian and\/or Russian forces conducted the airstrike against the al-Rahma medical point.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\">\n<li><a name=\"_Toc489871124\"><\/a>The use of sarin<\/li>\n<li>Sarin is a synthetic, odourless liquid nerve agent which can be dispersed in air as an aerosol. Upon release, the agent cloud drifts with the wind as well as following terrain features. Unprotected humans will experience both external contamination (skin, hair, clothing), and absorb the agent via inhalation and via the skin. The symptoms of sarin poisoning vary depending on the dose received (page 32), though a classic symptom is miosis (extreme contraction of the pupils). In severe cases, the symptoms include cramps, muscular contraction, seizures, severe pain, and severe respiratory distress; the cause of death is asphyxiation by blockage of the lung muscles as well as the respiratory centre in the central nervous system. The agent or its characteristic biomarkers can be detected in biomedical samples collected from victims for some time (several days in the case of urine, and weeks in the case of blood or other tissue samples collected from survivors or during autopsies). The agent, its characteristic degradation products, and certain impurities contained in the agent mixture can also be found in environmental samples taken from the impact area.<\/li>\n<li>According to the OPCW report,<sup>18<\/sup>\u00a0the OPCW FFM attended the autopsies of three alleged victims in a neighbouring country one day after the alleged attack, and visited ten patients in three hospitals four days later to retrieve biomedical samples for analysis. It also conducted several interviews: one patient and one treating physician were interviewed during the hospital visit on 8 April, and subsequent interviews with two patients who had tested positive for sarin exposure were conducted on 31 May and 1 June, respectively. The OPCW FFM also received environmental and biological-environmental samples collected by non-governmental organisations at the alleged incident location, as well as additional biomedical samples collected at medical facilities in opposition-controlled areas. In addition, the OPCW FFM collected information from the Syrian Government during two visits to Damascus, and visited the Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC) in Barza where it received environmental samples and metal fragments from the impact area which the SSRC had previously analysed.<\/li>\n<li>While the Commission was unable to collect or test bio-medical and environmental samples, it notes that based on bio-medical samples obtained during autopsies and from individuals undergoing treatment in a neighbouring country the OPCW FFM found that these individuals were exposed to sarin or a sarin-like substance. The OPCW FFM witnessed the acquisition of these biomedical samples and applied chain of custody procedures to demonstrate sample authenticity and integrity, and the analysis was undertaken by two independent Designated Laboratories, both of which have previously demonstrated their competence for this type of analysis in official OPCW Proficiency Tests. This analysis found that the tissue samples collected from the three victims (blood, brain, hair, lung and liver tissue) who had died contained (with the exception of one hair sample) characteristic biomarkers demonstrating the exposure of the victims to sarin or a sarin-like substance. The analytical findings were consistent with the autopsy reports, which had concluded that the cause of death in all three cases had been exposure to a toxic gas.<\/li>\n<li>Bio-medical samples of seven of the 10 persons undergoing treatment in the neighbouring country showed that they, too, were exposed to sarin or a sarin-like substance. These analytical findings were consistent with the clinical symptoms observed. Furthermore, the OPCW FFM was able to confirm by comparative DNA analysis that two individuals who had been the source of blood samples taken in Syria without the OPCW FFM team present were identical to two patients who had given blood samples in the neighbouring country in the presence of the OPCW FFM team. The Designated Laboratory results of the biomedical samples taken from these two patients on both occasions were consistent, and showed<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">__________<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1<sup>8<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 OPCW FFM report, paras. 3.16, 3.52-3.53, 3.64, and 4.7-4.9.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">exposure to sarin or a sarin-like nerve agent. This DNA test together with the laboratory findings confirms that there was a link between the individuals from whom biomedical samples were taken in the neighbouring country in the presence of the OPCW FFM, the site of the alleged attack, and the witness testimony.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" start=\"23\">\n<li>Taken together, the epidemiological data available, the clinical symptomatology reported, the laboratory results of autopsy and biomedical samples taken from alleged victims, and the identity confirmation of two individuals samples of whom had been collected in the presence of the OPCW FFM subject to full chain of custody procedures as well as in biomedical samples collected at medical facilities in Khan Shaykhun\u00a0<sup>19<\/sup>\u00a0leave no doubt that sarin or a sarin-like agent had been released in Khan Shaykhun on 4 April, and that it killed or injured these victims.<\/li>\n<li>The OPCW FFM could not independently verify the provenance of the additional samples it received from third parties. It attempted to corroborate the information about the collection of these samples by testimony and by verifying accompanying documents including photographs and videos taken at sample collection. The OPCW FFM reported that, although it was not in a position to categorically verify the entire chain of custody of these samples, the testimony and documentation submitted alongside the samples provided a good degree of confidence.<\/li>\n<li>The analysis of biomedical specimen received from the Khan Shaykhun Medical Centre (blood, liver tissue, lung tissue, and hair samples taken at autopsies from three fatalities) undertaken by two OPCW Designated Laboratories confirmed exposure to sarin or a sarin-like substance.<\/li>\n<li>The results of the analyses of the additional environmental samples (animal parts, vegetation, and soil from the impact area) showed chemical signatures consistent with a release of sarin or a sarin-like nerve agent: the presence of primary and secondary degradation products of sarin in environmental samples; fluoride regeneration of sarin and the detection of a tyrosine adduct in biological samples confirming the exposure of the dead animals to sarin or a sarin-like agent; and the detection of by-products of sarin synthesis and certain other characteristic impurities in the environmental samples.<sup>20<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>The OPCW FFM also received environmental samples (soil, metal fragments, bone, vegetation, and extracts) from the Syrian government, together with a video recording of the sample collection. An unnamed volunteer from Khan Shaykhun had reportedly provided these samples to the Syrian authorities, and the samples had been analysed by the SSRC Barza. The OPCW analysed these samples at its central laboratory in Rijswijk, the Netherlands. Results of the analyses by the two laboratories (OPCW and SSRC) were broadly consistent, showing the presence of sarin and impurities related to sarin synthesis and characteristic degradation products. Both laboratories also found hexamine in some of the samples.<sup>21<\/sup>\u00a0The presence of hexamine was not further explained by the OPCW FFM, but the chemical had also been found in environmental samples collected 2013 after the Ghouta incident. Two competing explanations have been offered in the past to explain the presence of hexamine \u2014 either the chemical might indicate the use of an artisanal explosive (RDX) for agent dispersion, or it had been used in the sarin synthesis as an acid scavenger. While the former explanation cannot be ruled out, the latter would be consistent with the chemicals declared by Syria in 2013 to the OPCW as part of their chemical weapons stockpile,<sup>22<\/sup>\u00a0as well as with the process used in the past by the Syrian army for employing sarin (binary synthesis shortly before use without subsequent purification of the agent for long-term storage).<\/li>\n<li>The Commission has independently gathered extensive information which, in the aggregate, strongly supports the claim that the victims were exposed to sarin or a sarin-like<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">__________<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1<sup>9<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 OPCW FFM report, paras. 5.90-5.95.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>20<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 OPCW FFM report, paras. 5.99-5.102.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>21<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 OPCW FFM report, paras. 5.103-5.106.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>22<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>OPCW request for expression of interest (EOI)<\/em>, initially posted on the OPCW website on 20 November 2013, EOI reference OPCW\/CDB\/EOI\/01\/20913, OPCW document S\/1142\/2013 of 22 November 2013. This EOI listed chemicals from the declared Syrian chemical weapon stockpile and included binary chemical weapons components as well as 80 metric tonnes of hexamine.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">substance. Apart from the fact that none of the victims was observed to have wounds or visible injuries, the symptoms reported are consistent with those suffered by persons exposed to an organophosphorus chemical such as sarin. Those include: foaming from the mouth and nose, contracted pupils, respiratory difficulties, coughing, blue lips, pale or yellow skin, loss of consciousness, dizziness, convulsions, vomiting, paralysis, and diminished heartbeat. First-responders and medical staff recalled suffering from headaches, nausea, congested chests, and blurred vision after treating patients. Five weeks after 4 April, at least four interviewees were still experiencing some of these symptoms.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" start=\"29\">\n<li>Most of the interviewees at the scene when the agent cloud was released or who arrived on location shortly thereafter stated they did not notice any particular smell, which is consistent with the fact that sarin is odourless. Some interviewees, however, reported a \u201cbad smell\u201d. One interviewee described it as similar to drainage or waste water, while another said it resembled a strong insecticide. It should be noted that there is a fair degree of variability in the sensitivity of humans to smell, so such discrepancies are not unusual. It is also apparent from the analytical results of the environmental samples that the agent released into the atmosphere contained a number of impurities (several phosphor-organic compounds, hexamine, fluorinated compounds), which would explain the insecticide-like or otherwise bad smell perceived by some witnesses.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a name=\"_Toc489871125\"><\/a>VII.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Findings<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" start=\"30\">\n<li>The extensive body of information gathered by the Commission indicates that a Syrian Su-22 conducted four airstrikes in Khan Shaykhun at approximately 6.45 a.m. on 4 April. Photographs of remnants taken at the sites along with satellite imagery corroborate eyewitness testimony identifying the impact points of the four aerial bombs. Eyewitnesses and early warning reports identified the aircraft as a Su-22, which only the Syrian air force operates.<\/li>\n<li>The Commission identified three of the bombs as likely OFAB-100-120 and one as a chemical bomb. Interviewees consistently stated that this latter bomb produced less noise and less smoke than the other three, and that it released a gas which spread over a distance between 300 and 600 meters. Photographs of remnants provided to the Commission by interviewees further indicate an aerial chemical bomb was employed. Further, weather conditions at 6.45 a.m. on 4 April were ideal for delivering a chemical weapon. The wind speed was just over three kilometres per hour, with no rain and practically no cloud cover. Under such conditions, the agent cloud would have drifted slowly downhill following the terrain features at the location (roads and open spaces), in a southerly and westerly direction.<\/li>\n<li>At least 83 persons, including 28 children and 23 women, were killed, and an additional 293 persons including 103 children were injured after being exposed to gas released by the chemical bomb. Based on bio-medical samples obtained during autopsies and from individuals undergoing treatment in a neighbouring country, the OPCW FFM found that these individuals were exposed to sarin or a sarin-like substance. Information gathered by the Commission from victims, eyewitnesses, and medical personnel on the symptoms suffered by victims is also consistent with exposure to sarin. None of the victims had wounds or visible injuries, and all experienced a combination of the following symptoms: foaming from the mouth and nose, contracted pupils, respiratory difficulties, coughing, blue lips, pale or yellow skin, loss of consciousness, dizziness, convulsions, vomiting, paralysis, and diminished heartbeat.<\/li>\n<li>In its investigation, the Commission considered and investigated all potential scenarios, including claims put forward by Russian and Syrian officials. The Commission has not, however, found any evidence to support the claim that HTS or armed groups had a weapons depot in the area where the chemical bomb impacted. Satellite imagery shows damage to a structure at a nearby grain silo which could correlate with the area where the victims of the sarin release were found, though the silo and a nearby bakery were empty following airstrikes last year. Furthermore, the Russian Federation Ministry of Defence and the Syrian Minister of Foreign Affairs argue that the weapons depot was hit between 11.30 a.m. and 12.30, while the evidence laid out above overwhelmingly indicates that the sarin gas was released at around 6.45 a.m.<\/li>\n<li>Though the Commission cannot discount the possibility that interviewees did not acknowledge the existence of a weapons depot out of fear of retaliation or out of loyalty to HTS or armed groups, it notes that it is extremely unlikely that an airstrike against such a depot could release sarin stored inside that structure in amounts sufficient to explain the numbers of casualties recorded. First, if there had been such a sarin weapons depot destroyed by an airstrike, the explosion would have burnt off most of the agent inside the building or forced it into the rubble where it would have been absorbed, rather than released in significant amounts into the atmosphere. Second, the facility would still be heavily contaminated today, for which no evidence exists. Third, the scenario suggested by the Russian Federation Ministry of Defence and the Syrian Minister of Foreign Affairs does not explain the timing of the appearance of victims of sarin exposure \u2014 well before the time, 11.30 a.m., that the Russian Federation Ministry of Defence and the Syrian Minister of Foreign Affairs provided for the attack. Finally, the impurities identified in the environmental samples analysed by the OPCW indicate that the released agent had not been purified. This rules out long-term storage of large amounts of sarin, which would have required agent purification. If, on the other hand, the facility had stored the precursor materials for sarin, an explosive destruction would not have released sarin into the air. Moreover, had there been sarin production going on at the time of the attack, the amount of agent would have been small and almost all of the agent would have been burnt off or ended up as local contamination though not in the atmosphere \u2014 some agent release into the atmosphere in such a scenario cannot be ruled out but it would not nearly be sufficient to explain the number of casualties.<\/li>\n<li>In view of the above, the Commission finds that the claim that airstrikes hit a depot producing chemical munitions or that the attack was fabricated are not supported by the information gathered. On the contrary, all evidence available leads the Commission to conclude that there are reasonable grounds to believe Syrian forces dropped an aerial bomb dispersing sarin in Khan Shaykhun at around 6.45 a.m. on 4 April. The use of chemical weapons is unequivocally banned under international humanitarian law. The use of sarin in Khan Shaykhun on 4 April by Syrian forces constitutes the war crimes of using chemical weapons and indiscriminate attacks, and violation of the prohibition on the use of weapons designed to cause superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering. The manufacture, storage, and use of sarin also violates the Chemical Weapons Convention and Security Council resolution 2118 (2013).<\/li>\n<li>As noted above, the Commission further investigated the airstrikes which impacted Khan Shaykhun after 11.30 a.m. It found that these airstrikes struck the al-Rahma medical point while it was functioning solely as a civilian healthcare facility treating victims of the chemical attack. Based on the fact that the medical point was struck with cluster incendiary munition, which only Syrian and Russian air forces use, and that Russian and Syrian officials acknowledged that after 11.30 a.m. the Syrian air force conducted airstrikes in Khan Shaykhun, the Commission finds that there are reasonable grounds to believe that either the Syrian and\/or Russian forces conducted the airstrike against the al-Rahma medical point. By bombing the al-Rahma medical point, which also destroyed ambulances, Syrian and\/or Russian forces committed the war crimes of deliberately attacking protected objects, and intentionally attacking medical personnel and transport.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Characteristics of sarin<sup>23<\/sup><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">__________<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>23<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 OPCW FFM report, Annex 5.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a name=\"_Toc489871126\"><\/a>Annex III<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a name=\"_Toc489871127\"><\/a>Life under siege and truces<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\">\n<li>In the Damascus countryside mountain town of Madaya, the Commission first documented Government forces using starvation as a weapon of war in late 2015.<sup>1<\/sup>\u00a0Government forces alongside Hizbullah encircled Madaya in June 2015 as part of a military offensive against the neighbouring town of Zabadani, tightening their siege around Madaya in September, and imposing a complete blockade on goods into Madaya, Zabadani, and neighbouring Bqine. Anti-personnel landmines were used to trap civilians inside Madaya, while pro-Government snipers shot at those attempting to reach the water spring in Bqine, including young children. By December 2015, residents in Madaya resorted to eating grass, leaves, and cats which religious leaders were forced to officially sanction as permissible (<em>halal<\/em>). Others recalled drinking boiled water seasoned with salt and cumin for breakfast and dinner to stave off hunger pangs.<\/li>\n<li>In March 2015, armed groups primarily under the Jaish al-Fatah formation overtook Idlib city and laid siege to the predominantly Shi\u2019a towns of Fu\u2019ah and Kafraya. They immediately cut-off water and electricity to the besieged population. Though Government forces were occasionally able to airdrop aid, armed groups only allowed humanitarian aid convoys to enter the enclaves sporadically over the previous over two years, leaving up to 20,000 individuals in a perilous situation. Hospitals and clinics had no supplies, which led to some women dying while giving birth. The United Nations, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and Syrian Arab Red Crescent (SARC) were last granted access to deliver humanitarian assistance to Madaya and Bqine, and Fu\u2019ah and Kafraya in 14 March 2017, though aid had not been granted prior to that since November 2016.<\/li>\n<li>Similarly, in the eastern Damascus municipalities of Barza, Tishreen, and Qabun, Government forces intensified an aerial campaign in February, decimating large swathes of civilian infrastructure. By mid-March, they recaptured segments of a road between Barza, Qabun, and Tishreen, severing any connection between the neighbourhoods, and, by May, fully besieged all three areas whereafter no humanitarian aid was allowed to enter any of the neighbourhoods. One interviewee in Qabun recalled the shortage of food, noting civilians \u201cdid not even have dried bread to eat\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>In order to draw an end the crippling effects of these sieges, a truce initially negotiated in September 2015 was implemented in April this year concerning Madaya and Zabadani (Damascus countryside), and Fu\u2019ah and Kafraya (Idlib), collectively known as the \u201cFour Towns\u201d agreement. Similarly, in May, local truces were implemented in Barza, Tishreen, and Qabun (eastern Damascus). All truces have been finalised in either oral or written forms, and, while the terms of each are unique to the besieged locality surrendering, details provided by interviewees reveal numerous similarities between them which have been observed over the period under review.<\/li>\n<li>The \u201cFour Towns\u201d agreement was entered into between Hay\u2019at Tahrir al-Sham and Ahrar al-Sham on the side of terrorist and armed groups, and Hizbullah, Iran, and Qatar on the other. Elements of the agreement included: the departure of fighters and an unspecified number of civilians from Madaya, Zabadani, and Bloudan towards Idlib (though the Commission notes at least 5,000 left); departure of up to 8,000 pro-Government forces and civilians and from Fu\u2019ah and Kafraya; exchange of prisoners and corpses; and the release of 1,500 detainees by Government forces, primarily women. The agreement also included evacuation of fighters from Yarmouk camp (Damascus), among other details.<\/li>\n<li>Local truces in Barza, Tishreen, and Qabun were all negotiated between Government forces and armed groups, sometimes with the assistance of local council members,<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">__________<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><sup>1<\/sup>\u00a0 A\/HRC\/31\/68, paras. 120 and 129;\u00a0<em>see also\u00a0<\/em>International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC),\u00a0<em>Customary International Humanitarian Law<\/em>, 2005, Volume I: Rules, at Rule 53.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">and implemented in May. In Barza, the initiative to negotiate a local truce stemmed primarily from the 1st Brigade of Damascus (a Southern Front affiliated armed group). It stipulated that fighters would surrender heavy weapons, and that a set number of the population would to leave to Idlib. In Tishreen, virtually the same conditions were applied, though the entire civilian population was to evacuate. In Qabun, the local truce was negotiated between Government forces and armed group leaders together with local council delegates. The agreement was orally agreed to, and stipulated that fighters would surrender heavy weapons, all tunnels leading to eastern Ghouta would be closed, and all civilians and fighters would evacuate to Idlib. Though negotiations over prisoner exchanges occurred in some cases, such exchanges were ultimately not carried out in these three municipalities.<\/p>\n<p><u>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/u><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">*<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0645\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a>(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a>([2])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0667 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0634\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a>([3])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c\u00a0<em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c<\/em>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 129(\u0628).<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a>([4])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991,\u00a0<em>Prosecutor v. Milomir Staki\u0107<\/em>, appeals judgment, IT-97-24-A, 22 March 2006, para. 287.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a>([5])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c\u00a0<em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c<\/em>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 109.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a>([6])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060cICRC,\u00a0<em>Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949<\/em>\u00a0(Geneva, 1987), para. 4854.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a>([7])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v<em>. Mladen Naletili\u0107, aka \u201cTuta\u201d<\/em>\u00a0<em>and Vinko Martinovi\u0107, aka \u0160tela<\/em>, trial judgment, IT-98-34-T, 31 March 2003, para. 523.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a>([8])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631\u00a0<em>Prosecutor v. Milomir Staki\u0107<\/em>, appeals judgment, para. 286\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c\u00a0<em>Prosecutor v. Milomir<\/em>\u00a0<em>Staki\u0107<\/em>, trial judgment, IT-97-24-T, 31 July 2003, para. 683.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a>([9])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 A\/HRC\/30\/48 \u0648Corr.1\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 128.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a>([10])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/scmDNyEy\">www.centcom.mil\/MEDIA\/PRESS-RELEASES\/Press-Release-View\/Article\/1121747\/us-forces-strike-al-qaeda-in-syria\/<\/a>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a>([11])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0667 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\/\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0623\u064f\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0627\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a>([12])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a>([13])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 A\/HRC\/34\/64\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a 33-35.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a>([14])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 A\/HRC\/27\/60\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a 109-111\u061b \u0648A\/HRC\/33\/55\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a 42-65\u061b \u0648A\/HRC\/34\/64\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a 30-40. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u201cHuman\u00a0rights abuses and international humanitarian law violations in the Syrian Arab Republic, 21 July 2016-28 February\u00a02017\u201d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0661\u0665-\u0661\u0669. \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/scms3ljm\">www.ohchr.org\/Documents\/Countries\/SY\/ A_HRC_34_CRP.3_E.docx<\/a>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a>([15])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 A\/HRC\/23\/58\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a 136-140\u061b \u0648A\/HRC\/27\/60\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a 115-118\u061b \u0648A\/HRC\/28\/69\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a 15 \u064843-44\u061b \u0648A\/HRC\/30\/48 \u0648Corr.1\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 39\u061b \u0648A\/HRC\/33\/55\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 30\u061b \u0648A\/HRC\/34\/64\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a 17 \u064834-35 \u064839 \u064852-56. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u201cHuman rights abuses and international humanitarian law violations in the Syrian Arab Republic, 21 July 2016-28 February 2017\u201d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a 49-51.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a>([16])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 A\/HRC\/34\/64\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 17.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a>([17])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u202b\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637:<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/scm0ogCN\">www.ohchr.org\/EN\/HRBodies\/HRC\/IICISyria\/Pages\/IndependentInternationalCommission.aspx<\/a>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\"><\/a>([18])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/scmcDGhn\">www.opcw.org\/fileadmin\/OPCW\/Fact_Finding_Mission\/s-1510-2017_e_.pdf<\/a>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scm.bz\/violations\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7.html#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\"><\/a>([19])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u201cHuman rights abuses and international humanitarian law violations in the Syrian Arab Republic, 21 July 2016-28 February 2017\u201d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 27.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0661\u0661-\u0662\u0669 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0667 \u202b\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f 4 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u202b\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629* \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646&hellip;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6530,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"give_campaign_id":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115,116],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7660","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","category-vdc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fraternity-sy.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7660","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fraternity-sy.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fraternity-sy.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fraternity-sy.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fraternity-sy.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7660"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/fraternity-sy.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7660\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fraternity-sy.org\/ar\/wp-json\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fraternity-sy.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7660"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fraternity-sy.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7660"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fraternity-sy.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7660"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}